LOS ANGELES--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Ares Management Corporation (“Ares”) (NYSE: ARES) announced today that a subsidiary of Ares has entered into a definitive agreement with a subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group Inc. (NYSE: BSIG) and Landmark Investment Holdings LP to acquire 100% of Landmark Partners, LLC (collectively with its subsidiaries, “Landmark”), one of the largest and most experienced investors in acquiring secondary private fund ownership stakes in the alternative asset management industry. The transaction is valued at $1.08 billion, including approximately $787 million in cash and approximately $293 million in Ares Operating Group Units, in each case subject to certain adjustments.
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With 150 employees across six global offices, Landmark manages private equity, real estate and infrastructure secondaries funds totaling $18.7 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2020. Supported by a global, institutional investor base of more than 600 fund investors, Landmark is viewed as a trusted and innovative counterparty in developing flexible transaction solutions to an extensive roster of financial sponsors and institutional investors. Landmark was founded in 1989 and is led by its highly experienced management team who have capitalized on the increasing investor appetite for private market secondaries with a compound annual growth rate of 17% in its assets under management over the past four years.
Ares is an on-chain verifying oracle protocol powered by Polkdot. It provides reliable off-chain data efficiently and in a trustless manner. Ares is built on Substrate and constructed as a parachain to link to Polkadot's ecology and share its security consensus. Ares is the Greek god of war that was known for his destructive behavior. While it is known that Athena was also a goddess of war (and sibling to Ares) the two couldn’t be any more different. Athena was known for her knowledge and strategies that were associated with war while Ares was known to be the personification of all the violence.
“We are incredibly proud to announce this transaction with Landmark, a pioneer in developing the asset class of private market secondaries,” said Michael Arougheti, Chief Executive Officer and President of Ares. “We believe secondary investments are only increasing in their appeal to a growing group of investors and we are excited to include these strategies in our comprehensive alternatives offering. We have known Landmark’s leadership team for many years and hold them in high regard for their approach to partnership and demonstrated ability to develop creative, win-win solutions. We look forward to welcoming Frank Borges, Tim Haviland and their colleagues and we expect significant benefits for our investors, employees and other stakeholders from this combination.”
“We are excited to join forces with Ares as we enter this new chapter in Landmark’s history,” said Francisco Borges, Chairman and Managing Partner of Landmark Partners. “Ares’ global platform and significant resources will enhance our combined investment capabilities and my partners and I look forward to driving continued strong performance, transaction structuring innovation and business growth for many years to come. As a reflection of this optimism, I am very pleased that our management team has agreed to accept significant equity in the combined firm.”
“As alternative assets continue to gain share, we believe growth in the secondaries market should also continue to accelerate,” said Timothy Haviland, President and Managing Partner of Landmark Partners. “We are excited to enhance and expand our already strong market position as a new investment group within the broader Ares platform. Our approach and processes are culturally similar to Ares’ and we look forward to building on key sourcing, relative value and structuring advantages as well as unlocking new growth opportunities.”
The acquisition of Landmark further expands Ares’ product offering into a segment of alternative asset management that is experiencing double-digit industry growth rates. The secondary market provides sellers with the ability to achieve liquidity on their private market fund interests and enables buyers to invest later in a fund’s life, typically benefiting from seasoned portfolios and accelerated cash flows. Additionally, the secondary market’s growth has expanded over the last decade to enable fund sponsors to deliver liquidity to their investors through asset recapitalization and GP-led secondary funds. Along with the increase in the number of compelling investment solutions Ares can offer its clients, Ares’ client base is meaningfully expanding, creating significant fundraising opportunities. The joint platform will have over 1,600 institutional investors, where less than 5% of these accounts are currently invested with both Ares and Landmark.
The business combination is expected to drive meaningful investing advantages across Ares’ platform, which will expand to include five distinct but complementary investment verticals in Credit, Private Equity, Real Estate, Strategic Initiatives and now Secondaries. For Landmark, Ares’ extensive direct lending relationships with approximately 825 financial sponsors, well-established regional networks across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Middle East and marketplace insights from across asset classes should serve to further differentiate its existing key competitive advantages in transaction sourcing, evaluation and structuring.
“The acquisition of Landmark is not only highly strategic, but it is also expected to be immediately financially accretive to Ares’ core earnings metrics, including after-tax realized income per common share, and it should be a meaningful driver of our growth in the years ahead,” said Michael McFerran, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Ares. “In addition, the transaction is expected to be accretive to our fee related earnings margins and further enhances our fee related earnings composition within our realized income.”
The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2021 and is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC acted as financial advisors to Ares and Kirkland & Ellis LLP served as legal counsel. Morgan Stanley & Co LLC acted as financial advisor to BrightSphere. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC acted as financial advisor to Landmark Partners LLC. Ropes & Gray served as legal counsel to both Landmark and BrightSphere.
Conference Call and Webcast Information
Ares will host a conference call on Wednesday, March 31, 2021 at 8:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) to discuss the transaction. A supplemental presentation that illustrates the transaction is available on the Investor Resources section of Ares’ website at www.aresmgmt.com.
All interested parties are invited to participate via telephone or the live webcast, which will be hosted on a webcast link located on the Home page of the Investor Resources section of our website at www.aresmgmt.com. Domestic callers can access the conference call by dialing 1-888-317-6003. International callers can access the conference call by dialing +1 412-317-6061. All callers will need to enter the Participant Elite Entry Number 7513238 followed by the # sign and reference “Ares Management Corporation” once connected with the operator. All callers are asked to dial in 10-15 minutes prior to the call so that name and company information can be collected. For interested parties, an archived replay of the call will be available through April 30, 2021 to domestic callers by dialing 1-877-344-7529 and to international callers by dialing +1 412-317-0088. For all replays, please reference conference number 10153612. An archived replay will also be available through April 30, 2021 on a webcast link located on the Home page of the Investor Resources section of our website.
About Ares Management Corporation
Ares Management Corporation (NYSE: ARES) is a leading global alternative investment manager operating integrated groups across Credit, Private Equity, Real Estate and Strategic Initiatives. Ares Management’s investment groups collaborate to deliver innovative investment solutions and consistent, attractive investment returns for fund investors throughout market cycles. As of December 31, 2020, Ares Management's global platform had approximately $197 billion of assets under management with more than 1,450 employees operating across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Middle East. For more information, please visit www.aresmgmt.com.
About Landmark Partners
Founded in 1989, Landmark is a leading investment manager focused on the secondary markets. Landmark has six offices globally with 150 employees, including over 65 investment and research professionals. Over the course of its 30+ year history, Landmark has invested across over 2,400 partnership interests, driving unique and proprietary transactions through its deeply established relationships with institutional investors, fund sponsors, and market advisors. The firm has formed an aggregate of over 30 funds and related vehicles capitalized with over $28 billion in commitments while maintaining a consistent investment philosophy: Landmark’s “thought partner” approach to investing through which it provides unique and customized liquidity solutions, while capitalizing on the potential benefits of secondary investing. For more information, please visit www.landmarkpartners.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
Statements included herein may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which relate to future events or our future performance or financial condition. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, condition or results and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including the ability of Ares to consummate the Landmark acquisition and to effectively integrate the acquired business into our operations and to achieve the expected benefit therefrom. Actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those described from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Ares Management Corporation undertakes no duty to update any forward-looking statements made herein.
Transliteration
Arês
Translation
Mars
ARES was the Olympian god of war and battle.
He possessed relatively few temples and shrines in the ancient world but was honoured with special rites in times of war. His cult appears to have been centred in the northern regions of Greece such as Thessaly, Thesprotia and Thrake. However there are scant ancient geographic accounts of this region to shed light on the cult.
In classical sculpture Ares was depicted as a handsome, sometimes nude, man wearing a Greek helm and armed with a sword or spear. The god is quite difficult to identify because of his lack of distinctive attributes--a statue of an armed warrior could just as easily represent a mythical hero or historical general.
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARES TITLES
APHNEIUS (Aphneios), the giver of food or plenty, a surname of Ares, under which he had a temple on mount Cnesius, near Tegea in Arcadia. Aerëope, the daughter of Cepheus, became by Ares the mother of a son (Aërropus), but she died at the moment she gave birth to the child, and Ares, wishing to save it, caused the child to derive food from the breast of its dead mother. This wonder gave rise to the surname Aphneios. (Paus. viii. 44. § 6.)
ENYA′LIUS (Enualios), the warlike, frequently occurs in the Iliad (never in the Odyssey) either as an epithet of Ares, or as a proper name instead of Ares. (xvii. 211, ii. 651, vii. 166, viii. 264, xiii. 519, xvii. 259, xviii. 309, xx. 69; comp. Pind. Ol. xiii. 102, Nem. ix. 37.) At a later time, however, Enyalius and Ares were distinguished as two different gods of war, and Enyalius was looked upon as a son of Ares and Enyo, or of Cronos and Rhea. (Aristoph. Pax, 457; Dionys. A. R. iii. 48; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 944.) The name is evidently derived from Enyo, though one tradition derived it from a Thracian Enyalius, who received into his house those only who conquered him in single combat, and for the same reason refused to receive Ares, but the latter slew him. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 673.) The youths of Sparta sacrificed young dogs to Ares under the name of Enyalius (Paus. iii. 14. § 9), and near the temple of Hipposthenes, at Sparta, there stood the ancient fettered statue of Enyalius. (Paus. iii. 15, § 5.) Dionysus, too, is said to have been surnamed Enyalius. (Macrob. Sat. i. 19.)
GYNAECOTHOENAS (Gunaikothoinas), that is, 'the god feasted by women,' a surname of Ares at Tegea. In a war of the Tegeatans against the Lacedaemonian king Charillus, the women of Tegea made an attack upon the enemy from an ambuscade. This decided the victory. The women therefore celebrated the victory alone, and excluded the men from the sacrificial feast. This, it is said, gave rise to the surname of Ares. (Paus. viii. 48. § 3)
HI′PPIUS and HI′PPIA (Hippia and Hippios, or Hippeios), in Latin Equester and Equestris, occur as surnames of several divinities, as of Hera (Paus. v. 15. § 4); of Athena at Athens, Tegea and Olympia (i. 30. § 4, 31. § 3, v. 15. § 4, viii. 47. § ); of Poseidon (vi. 20. § 8, i. 30. § 4; Liv. i. 9); of Ares (Paus. v. 15. § 4); and at Rome also of Fortuna and Venus. (Liv. xl. 40, xlii. 3; Serv. ad Aen. i. 724.)
MAMERTUS (Mamertos), an ancient surname of Ares, which must have arisen after the identification of the Italian Mamers with the Greek Ares. (Lycoph. 938, 1410.)
STRA′TIUS (Stratios). Stratios, i.e. the warlike, occurs also as a surname of Zeus and Ares. (Strab. xiv. p. 659 ; Herod. v. 119.)
[THEREITAS and] THERO (Thêrô). The nurse of Ares, from whom he was believed to have received the surname of Thereitas, though Pausanias thinks that this name arose from the fierceness of the god. A sanctuary of Ares Thereitas stood on the road from Sparta to Therapne, with a statue which the Dioscuri were said to have brought from Colchis. (Paus. iii. 19. § 8.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
GENERAL CULT
Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 41 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
'Seven warriors [the leaders of the army of the Seven Against Thebes], fierce regiment-commanders, slaughtered a bull over a black shield [before the commencement of battle], and then touching the bull's gore with their hands they swore an oath by Ares, by Enyo, and by Phobos (Rout) who delights in blood, that either they will level the city and sack the Kadmeans' town by force, or will in death smear this soil with their blood.'
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 7. 10 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
'[Among a band of Thessalian brigands :] ‘So should we not address a prayer to Comrade Mars [Ares] . . . But I see that we have not a single beast to sacrifice, nor even abundance or sufficiency of wine to drink. So appoint ten representatives to accompany me; that will suffice to attack the nearest village, and enable me to bring back a meal fit for Salian priests.’
So he set out; the rest laid a huge fire, and set up an altar to Mars on the green turf. A little later they arrived back carrying wine-skins and driving a whole flock of farm-animals before them. From it they selected a huge billy-goat, old and shaggy, and sacrificed it to Mars, Follower and Comrade.'
CULT IN ATTICA (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. ATHENS (ATHENAI) Main City of Attica (Attika)
Aeschylus, Eumenides 685 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
'And this Hill of Ares (pagos Areion), the seat and camp of the Amazones, when they came with an army in resentment against Theseus, and in those days built up this new citadel with lofty towers to rival his, and sacrificed to Ares, from which this rock takes its name, the Hill of Ares.'
Strabo, Geography 13. 1. 38 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
'The poet Alkaios [of Lesbos C7th-6th B.C.] says that he himself, being sorely pressed in a certain battle [between the Athenians and Lesbians], threw away his arms. He addresses his account of it to a certain herald, whom he had bidden to report to the people at home that ‘Alkaios is safe, but his arms have been hung up as an offering to Ares by the Attic army in the temple of Athena Glaukopis [in Athens].’'
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 8. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
'[At Athens] is a sanctuary of Ares, where are placed two images of Aphrodite, one of Ares made by Alkamenes, and one of Athena made by a Parian of the name of Lokros. There is also an image of Enyo, made by the sons of Praxiteles. About the temple stand images of Herakles, Theseus, Apollon binding his hair with a fillet, and statues of Kalades, who it is said framed laws for the Athenians, and of Pindaros, the statue being one of the rewards the Athenians gave him for praising them in an ode.'
II. UNKNOWN Village in Attica
Suidas s.v. Amazoneion (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) :
'Amazoneion : A shrine, which [the] Amazons established [in Attika?].'
CULT IN ARGOLIS (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. Near ARGOS Main City of Argolis
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 25. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
'On this road [from Argos to Mantinea, Argolis] is a sanctuary built with two rooms, having an entrance on the west side and another on the east. At the latter is a wooden image of Aphrodite, and at the west entrance one of Ares. They say that the images are votive offerings of Polyneikes and of the Argives who joined him in the campaign to redress his wrongs.'
II. TROEZEN (TROIZENOS) Town in Argolis
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 32. 9 :
'On going down to the harbor [of Troizenos, Argolis] at what is called Kelenderis, you come to a place called Birthplace (Genethlion), where Theseus is said to have been born. Before this place is a temple of Ares, for here also did Theseus conquer the Amazones in battle. These must have belonged to the army that strove in Attika against Theseus and the Athenians.'
CULT IN LACEDAEMONIA (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. Near SPARTA Main City of Lacedaemonia (Lakedaimonia)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 19. 7 :
'Of all the objects along this road the oldest [to Sparta, Lakedaimonia] is a sanctuary of Ares. This is on the left of the road, and the image is said to have been brought from Kolchis by the Dioskouroi. They surname him Theritas after Thero, who is said to have been the nurse of Ares. Perhaps it was from the Kolkhians that they heard the name Theritas, since the Greeks know of no Thero, nurse of Ares. My own belief is that the surname Theritas (Beastly or Brutal) was not given to Ares because of his nurse, but because when a man meets an enemy in battle he must cast aside all gentleness, as Homer says of Akhilleus: 'And he is fierce as a lion.'
II. GERONTHRAE (GERONTHRAI) Village in Lacedaemonia
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 22. 6 :
'In Geronthrai [village in Lakedaimonia] are a temple and grove of Ares. Every year they hold a festival in honor of the God, at which women are forbidden to enter the grove.'
CULT IN ELIS (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. OLYMPIA Town & Sanctuary in Elis
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 20. 3 :
'On one side [of the temple Metroon at Olympia] are [statues of] Ares and Agon (Contest) by his side.'
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 15. 6 :
'At the entrance to what is called the Wedge [at Olympia] there is on one side an altar of Ares Hippios (Horse-god), on the other one of Athena Hippias (Horse-goddess) . . . Each month the Eleans sacrifice once on all the altars I have enumerated.'
CULT IN ACHAEA (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. TRITEIA Village in Achaea (Akhaia)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 22. 8 :
'Melanippos, the son of Ares and Triteia, founded the city [of Triteia in Akhaia] when he grew up, naming it after his mother . . . The people here are accustomed to sacrifice both to Ares and to Triteia.'
CULT IN ARCADIA (SOUTHERN GREECE)
I. MEGALOPOLIS Main City of Arcadia (Arkadia)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 32. 3 :
'[At Megalopolis in Arkadia] is an altar of Ares, and it was said that originally a sanctuary too was built for the god.'
II. ACACESIUM (AKAKESION) Village in Arcadia
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 37. 12 :
'Here [at the sanctuary of Despoine near Akakesion in Arkadia] is an altar of Ares.'
III. TEGEA Town in Arcadia
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 48. 4 :
'There is also an image of Ares in the marketplace of Tegea [in Arkadia]. Carved in relief on a slab it is called Gynaikothoinas (Feasted by the Women). At the time of the [historical] Lakonian war, when Kharillos king of Lakedaemon made the first invasion, the women armed themselves and lay in ambush under the hill they call today Phylaktris (Sentry Hill ). When the armies met and the men on either side were performing many remarkable exploits, the women, they say, came on the scene and put the Lakedaemonians to flight. Marpessa, surnamed Khoira, surpassed, they say, the other women in daring . . . The story goes on to say . . . that the women offered to Ares a sacrifice of victory on their own account without the men, and gave to the men no share in the meat of the victim. For this reason Ares got his surname.'
IV. MT. CRESIUS (KRESIOS) Mountain in Arcadia
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 44. 7 :
'On the right of the road [near Tegea, Arkadia] is a small mountain called Mount Kresios, on which stands the sanctuary of Aphneios. For Ares, the Tegeans say, mated with Aerope, daughter of Kepheus [king of Tegea], the son of Aleos. She died in giving birth to a child, who clung to his mother even when she was dead, and sucked great abundance of milk from her breasts. Now this took place by the will of Ares, and because of it they name the god Aphneius (Abundant ); but the name given to the hill was, it is said, Aeropos.'
CULT IN BOEOTIA (CENTRAL GREECE)
I. THEBES Main City of Boeotia (Boiotia)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 10. 5 :
'The fountain [of Ismene, near Thebes in Boiotia] which they say is sacred to Ares, and they add that a Drakon was posted by Ares as a sentry over the spring.'
CULT IN THESPROTIA (NORTHERN GREECE)
Ares appears to have been a major god of the tribes of north-western Greece--Aitolia, Phlegyantis in Thessaly, and Thesprotia. He plays a prominent role in the mythologies of these regions. Unfortunately ancient geographers provide only scant descriptions of this region and its cults.
Homer, Iliad 13. 299 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
'Ares . . . comes out of Thrake to encounter in arms the Ephyroi [of Thesprotia] or the great-hearted Phlegyes [of Thessalia], but the two will not listen to prayers form both sides, but give the glory to one side or the other.'
CULT IN THRACE (NORTH OF GREECE)
Herodotus, Histories 5. 7. 1 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) :
'They [the Thrakians] worship no gods but Ares, Dionysos, and Artemis.'
Herodotus, Histories 7. 61. 1 :
'The Pisidians [of Thrake] had little shields of raw oxhide; each man carried two wolf-hunters' spears; they wore helmets of bronze, and on these helmets were the ears and horns of oxen wrought in bronze, and also crests; their legs were wrapped around with strips of purple rags. Among these men is a place of divination sacred to Ares.'
CULT OF MARS IN LATIUM (CENTRAL ITALY)
Strabo, Geography 5. 4. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
'The Pikentines [Picentini tribe of Italia] are originally from the Sabine country, a woodpecker having led the way for their progenitors; and hence their name, for they call this bird ‘pikos’, and consider it sacred to Ares [Mars].'
Strabo, Geography 5. 4. 12 :
'The Sabinoi [Sabines of Italia], since they had long been at war with the Ombrikoi, vowed to dedicate everything that was produced that year; and, on winning the victory, they partly sacrificed and partly dedicated all that was produced; then a dearth ensued, and some one said that they ought to have dedicated the babies too; this they did, and devoted to Ares [Mars] all the children born that year; and these children, when grown to manhood, they sent away as colonists, and a bull led the way; and when the bull lay down to rest in the land of the Opikoi . . . the Sabinoi ejected them and settled on the spot, and, in accordance with the utterance of their seers, slaughtered the bull as a sacrifice to Ares [Mars] who had given it for a guide.'
CULT TITLES OF ARES
Several of the god's cult titles are described by ancient authors:--
Transliteration
Thêritas
Hippios
Aphneios
Gynaikothoinas
Latin Spelling
Theritas
Hippius
Aphneius
Gynaecothoenas
Translation
Beastly, Brutish
Of the Horses
Abundant
Feasted by Women
POETIC TITLES & EPITHETS OF ARES
Homeric and other poetic epithets applied to the god include:--
Greek Name
Μιαιφονος
Λαοσσοος
Βροτολοιγος
Ανδρειφοντης
Transliteration
Miaiphonos
Laossoos
Brotoloigos
Andreiphontês
Latin Spelling
Miaephonus
Laossous
Brotoloegus
Andreïphontes
Translation
Blood-stained, Bloody
He Who Rallies Men
Manslaughtering
Manslaying, Destroyer of Men
Greek Name
Χαλκεος
Χαλκοκορυστης
Τειχεσιπλητης
Αατος πολεμοιο
Transliteration
Khalkeos
Khalkokorustês
Teikhesiplêtês
Aatos polemoio
Latin Spelling
Chalceus
Chalcocorustes
Teichesipletes
Aatus polemoeo
Translation
Brazen, Of the Bronze
Armed with Bronze
Stormer of Cities, Walls
Insatiate of Fighting, War
Greek Name
Ενχεσπαλος
Ρινοτορος
Οχυς
Πολεμιστης ταλαυρινος
Transliteration
Enkhespalos
Rhinotoros
Oxus
Ares Greek God
Polemistês talaurinos
Latin Spelling
Enchespalus
Rhinotorus
Oxys
Polemistes talaurinus
Translation
Ares Sportswear
Spear-Brandishing
Shield-, Flesh-Piercing
Sharp, Piercing
He Who Fights Under the Shield's Guard
Transliteration
Thoos
Thouros
Ares God Of War
Obrimos
Translation
Swift, Fleet
Violent, Furious
Strong, Mighty
Transliteration
Deinos
Enyalios
Khrysopêlêx
Translation
Terrible, Fearsome
Warlike
Of the Golden Helm
SOURCES
GREEK
- Homer, The Iliad - Greek Epic C8th B.C.
- Aeschylus, Eumenides - Greek Tragedy C5th B.C.
- Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes - Greek Tragedy C5th B.C.
- Herodotus, Histories - Greek History C5th B.C.
- Strabo, Geography - Greek Geography C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece- Greek Travelogue C2nd A.D.
ROMAN
- Apuleius, The Golden Ass - Latin Novel C2nd A.D.
BYZANTINE
- Suidas, The Suda - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.